TURKEY
Turkey has a gross theoretical hydropower potential
of 413 TWh/year, a technically feasible potential
of 216 TWh/year and an economically feasible potential
of 122 TWh/year. About 32% of the economically feasible
potential has been developed, based on average annual
generation.
At end-1999 there was 10.8 GW of hydro capacity in
operation (out of 24 GW total electric capacity),
capable of generating about 39 TWh in an average year.
A further 4.1 GW hydro capacity was under construction
at end-1999. The largest plants involved were Birecik
(672 MW), Deriner (670 MW) and Berke (510 MW). By
2010, the Government aims to develop 60% of the economically
feasible potential, with installed capacity reaching
22 GW. In all, a total of 19 715 MW of hydro capacity
is planned for development over the next 25 years,
in addition to the projects currently being built.
UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA
The hydro resource base is huge: the gross theoretical
potential has been assessed as 512 GW, equivalent
to 4 485 TWh/yr. The economically feasible potential
output is put at 376 TWh; the end-1999 US hydro capacity
of 79.5 GW had an average annual capability of about
300 TWh, equivalent to 80% of this potential. Hydro-electric
output of 319.5 GWh in 1999 accounted for 8.6% of
US electricity generation. Only 17 MW of additional
hydro-electric generating capacity was reported to
be under construction at the end of 1999, while 434
MW was at the planning stage.
The installed generating capacity of small-scale hydro
plants totalled just over 2.5 GW at end-1999; an additional
52 MW was reported to be planned for implementation
during the period up to 2004.
The levels reported as installed capacity are net
summer capacity; those specified as under construction
or planned relate to generator nameplate capacity.
Most large-scale hydro-electric plants in the United
States were built and are operated by various Federal
Government bodies. The projects are usually intended
to serve multiple purposes, including irrigation and
public water supply, flood control, and recreation
as well as power generation. Depending on the dominant
purpose, dam construction and operation may have been
undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation, Department
of the Interior (for irrigation projects) or the US
Army Corps of Engineers (for flood control projects).
Sales of electric power from Federal dams are usually
managed by one of four Federal Power Marketing Administrations,
with power being sold preferentially to public bodies.
The licensing of the construction and operation of
new hydro-electric plants is conducted by the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which is responsible
for taking into consideration safety and environmental
aspects of dam construction. New private-sector projects
(when constructed by regulated electric utilities)
are subject to economic regulation by state and local
bodies, and to state and local regulation with respect
to land use, water rights and environmental impacts.
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